Denotation - the literal or primary meaning of a word
Connotation - an idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
Realistic/Realism - having or showing a sensible and practical idea of what can be achieved or expected - reference to a character
Verisimilitude - the appearance of being true or real - storyline reflects reality
High/Low Production Value - The look of the film being expensive/cheap
Narrative - The way a story is told.
Parallel Editing - a technique whereby cutting occurs between two or more related actions occurring at the same time in two separate locations or different points in time. D. W. Griffith is often cited for his use of this technique.
Pace of Editing - Fast/slow - how long it takes to cut to the next shot
Screen time - The amount of time they're on the screen for
Shot reverse shot - fluency and continuity
Continuity Editing - Fluent and coherent. The predominant style of film editing and video editing in the post-production process of filmmaking of narrative films and television programs. The purpose of continuity editing is to smooth over the inherent discontinuity of the editing process and to establish a logical coherence between shots.
Montage editing - a technique in film editing in which a series of short shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information. The term has been used in various contexts.
Friday, 15 May 2015
Tuesday, 5 May 2015
Discuss the issues raised by media ownership in the production, distribution and exchange of media texts in your chosen media area.
Discuss the issues raised by media ownership in the production, distribution and exchange of media texts in your chosen media area.
Media Ownership is associated with the types of media companies which produce and distribute products in relation to the value of the companies. The film industry/market is dominated by a small amount of companies known as conglomerates, forming an oligopoly. The market is shared between six different companies, Warner Brother (19.8%), Universal (19.4%), 20th Century Foxx (14.7%), Buena Vista (10.5%), Columbia (12%) and Paramount (8.5%), which account for 90% of the film box office.
Firstly, with regards to production companies, media ownership is more substantially beneficial for conglomerates rather than independent companies. Due to the conglomerates larger financial capacity, they are able to perform strategies such as cross media convergence and synergy. Cross media convergence is the interpretation that two or more types of media coming together. An example of this is the release of Adele's "Skyfall" soundtrack which accompanied the release of the film, therefore both of the two products are promoting each other. It is more significant for conglomerates to used this method of promotion as they will own the subsidiaries needed to produce the relevant products. However, it is much more difficult for smaller independent companies to do this as they won't have enough money to set aside for expensive cross media convergence, and also, larger companies will not want to associate themselves with independents because they will not want to jeopardise their income as the product could potentially be a failure and unpopular. Which, in turn could lead to insufficient profits made or none at all. Therefore, larger production companies tend to spend a lot of money on the production of the film in order for assurance and comfort that the film will be successful and therefore accumulate significant gross. Also these companies do not take many risks as if the risks do not pay off, the mass amounts of money spent on the production will not be worth it, so they rather handle there procedures more safely taking minimal risks. However it also could be considered that because of the success of their previous films, the would be able to take more risks because their product is bound t be successful due to default.
whereas synergy is different elements of a company working together in order to promote related products. Small independent companies find this a lot harder, for example Ill manors, directed by Ben Drew had a significantly small budget of only £100,000 and therefore could not afford to spare money in order to pay other companies to produce products accordingly. However, due to Ben Drew (Plan B) being established a musician, he was able to release his album, which was given the same title as the film, at the same time as the release of the film.
Furthermore, conglomerate distribution companies would also profit from the value and size of the companies themselves. First of all, they can afford more costly marketing methods which reach larger audiences. Sony along side with MGM distributed Skyfall, introduced synergy and tie-ins to the products. They did this very effectively as they could afford established brands such as Aston Martin, Tom Ford and Omega which raised the awareness of the film alarmingly. They also collaborated with Coca Cola in order to produce a vending machine which allowed customers the chance to win tickets to see the film. As well as this, Skyfall's marketing companies had the opacity to publicise the film through the use of large billboards and posters which were displayed in highly populated areas in the UK and New York. Contrastingly, smaller independent companies would not be able to afford this method and therefore, alike Ill Manors, have to result to using cost effective forms of marketing such as social media and the use of web 2.0. When it comes to distributing the product conglomerates find it much easier to sell their products to the exhibitors. This is because exhibitors will favour in screening films from well established companies which are more like to be successful than films from independent companies. This is illustrated through Skyfall being shown in 587 cinemas across the UK, meanwhile Revolver's Ill Manors was only shown in 191 across the UK and Ireland.
Finally, as previously mentioned, exhibitors such as cinemas are much more likely to show films from larger well established companies rather than smaller independents. This is because the films from larger companies have more probability of being successful and also accumulate much larger audiences. Therefore, as cinemas receive 60% of there overall revenue on concessionary items, the fact that larger audiences will be attending the viewings mean that the profits made on concessionary would increase accordingly. This opposes films from independent companies as the attendances will be significantly lower and ultimately will not allow the cinemas to accumulate substantial profits on concessionary which produces such high quantities of their finance.
Media Ownership is associated with the types of media companies which produce and distribute products in relation to the value of the companies. The film industry/market is dominated by a small amount of companies known as conglomerates, forming an oligopoly. The market is shared between six different companies, Warner Brother (19.8%), Universal (19.4%), 20th Century Foxx (14.7%), Buena Vista (10.5%), Columbia (12%) and Paramount (8.5%), which account for 90% of the film box office.
Firstly, with regards to production companies, media ownership is more substantially beneficial for conglomerates rather than independent companies. Due to the conglomerates larger financial capacity, they are able to perform strategies such as cross media convergence and synergy. Cross media convergence is the interpretation that two or more types of media coming together. An example of this is the release of Adele's "Skyfall" soundtrack which accompanied the release of the film, therefore both of the two products are promoting each other. It is more significant for conglomerates to used this method of promotion as they will own the subsidiaries needed to produce the relevant products. However, it is much more difficult for smaller independent companies to do this as they won't have enough money to set aside for expensive cross media convergence, and also, larger companies will not want to associate themselves with independents because they will not want to jeopardise their income as the product could potentially be a failure and unpopular. Which, in turn could lead to insufficient profits made or none at all. Therefore, larger production companies tend to spend a lot of money on the production of the film in order for assurance and comfort that the film will be successful and therefore accumulate significant gross. Also these companies do not take many risks as if the risks do not pay off, the mass amounts of money spent on the production will not be worth it, so they rather handle there procedures more safely taking minimal risks. However it also could be considered that because of the success of their previous films, the would be able to take more risks because their product is bound t be successful due to default.
whereas synergy is different elements of a company working together in order to promote related products. Small independent companies find this a lot harder, for example Ill manors, directed by Ben Drew had a significantly small budget of only £100,000 and therefore could not afford to spare money in order to pay other companies to produce products accordingly. However, due to Ben Drew (Plan B) being established a musician, he was able to release his album, which was given the same title as the film, at the same time as the release of the film.
Furthermore, conglomerate distribution companies would also profit from the value and size of the companies themselves. First of all, they can afford more costly marketing methods which reach larger audiences. Sony along side with MGM distributed Skyfall, introduced synergy and tie-ins to the products. They did this very effectively as they could afford established brands such as Aston Martin, Tom Ford and Omega which raised the awareness of the film alarmingly. They also collaborated with Coca Cola in order to produce a vending machine which allowed customers the chance to win tickets to see the film. As well as this, Skyfall's marketing companies had the opacity to publicise the film through the use of large billboards and posters which were displayed in highly populated areas in the UK and New York. Contrastingly, smaller independent companies would not be able to afford this method and therefore, alike Ill Manors, have to result to using cost effective forms of marketing such as social media and the use of web 2.0. When it comes to distributing the product conglomerates find it much easier to sell their products to the exhibitors. This is because exhibitors will favour in screening films from well established companies which are more like to be successful than films from independent companies. This is illustrated through Skyfall being shown in 587 cinemas across the UK, meanwhile Revolver's Ill Manors was only shown in 191 across the UK and Ireland.
Finally, as previously mentioned, exhibitors such as cinemas are much more likely to show films from larger well established companies rather than smaller independents. This is because the films from larger companies have more probability of being successful and also accumulate much larger audiences. Therefore, as cinemas receive 60% of there overall revenue on concessionary items, the fact that larger audiences will be attending the viewings mean that the profits made on concessionary would increase accordingly. This opposes films from independent companies as the attendances will be significantly lower and ultimately will not allow the cinemas to accumulate substantial profits on concessionary which produces such high quantities of their finance.
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